Tom Knight, umuhanga mu binyabuzima bya synthetic, yagize ati: "Ikinyejana cya 21 kizaba ikinyejana cy’ubumenyi bw’ibinyabuzima." Ni umwe mu bashinze ibinyabuzima bya synthetic akaba n'umwe mu bashinze batanu ba Ginkgo Bioworks, ikigo cy’icyamamare mu binyabuzima bya synthetic. Iyi sosiyete yashyizwe ku isoko ry’imari n’imigabane rya New York ku ya 18 Nzeri, kandi agaciro kayo kageze kuri miliyari 15 z'amadolari y'Amerika.
Ubushakashatsi bwa Tom Knight bwagiye buhinduka kuva kuri mudasobwa kugera kuri biology. Kuva mu gihe cy'amashuri yisumbuye, yakoresheje ibiruhuko by'impeshyi yiga mudasobwa na porogaramu muri MIT, hanyuma anamara icyiciro cya kabiri cya kaminuza n'icya kabiri cya kaminuza muri MIT.
Tom Knight amaze kubona ko Amategeko ya Moore yahanuye aho amikoro ya silikoni igarukira mu gukoresha amikoro ya silikoni mu bantu, yerekeje ibitekerezo bye ku binyabuzima. "Dukeneye ubundi buryo bwo gushyira amikoro mu mwanya ukwiye… Ni iyihe shimi igoye cyane? Ni biochimie. Ndatekereza ko ushobora gukoresha biomolecules, nka poroteyine, zishobora kwishyira hamwe no guterana mu rugero ukeneye. crystallization."
Gukoresha imitekerereze y’abahanga mu by’ubuhanga mu gushushanya inyandiko z’umwimerere z’ibinyabuzima byabaye uburyo bushya bwo gukora ubushakashatsi. Ubuzima bw’abantu buteye nk’intambwe mu bumenyi bw’abantu. Nk’ishami rihuza ikoranabuhanga, siyansi ya mudasobwa, ibinyabuzima, n’ibindi, umwaka w’itangira rya biology y’ubuhanga washyizweho nk’umwaka wa 2000.
Mu bushakashatsi bubiri bwasohotse muri uyu mwaka, igitekerezo cyo gushushanya urusobe rw'ibinyabuzima cyageze ku kugenzura igaragara ry'uturemangingo.
Abahanga mu bya siyansi bo muri Kaminuza ya Boston bakoze uburyo bwo guhindura Gene muri E. coli. Ubu buryo bukoresha module ebyiri gusa za gene. Mu kugenzura ibintu byo hanze, imiterere ya gene ishobora gufungurwa cyangwa kuzimwa.
Muri uwo mwaka, abahanga mu bya siyansi bo muri Kaminuza ya Princeton bakoresheje module eshatu za gene kugira ngo bagere ku musaruro wa "oscillation" mode mu kimenyetso cy'uruziga bakoresheje uburyo bwo gukumira no kurekura uburyo bwo gukumira hagati yabyo.
Imbonerahamwe y'uburyo bwo guhindura imiterere ya Gene
Amahugurwa yo mu kagari
Muri iyo nama, numvise abantu bavuga ku "nyama z'ubukorano."
Bakurikije icyitegererezo cy’inama ya mudasobwa, "inama yiteguye ubwayo idafite aho ihuriye" yo gutumanaho ku buntu, bamwe banywa inzoga bakaganira: Ni ibihe bicuruzwa byatsinze biri muri "Synthetic Biology"? Hari uwavuze "inyama z'ubukorano" mu gitabo cy'Impossible Food.
Impossible Food ntiyigeze yiyita kompanyi ya "synthetic biology", ariko ikintu nyamukuru igurisha gitandukanya n'ibindi bicuruzwa by'inyama by'ubukorano - hemoglobin ituma inyama z'ibikomoka ku bimera zigira impumuro idasanzwe "inyama" ikomoka kuri iyi kompanyi mu myaka 20 ishize. Mu mashami mashya.
Ikoranabuhanga rikoreshwa ni ugukoresha uburyo bworoshye bwo guhindura ingirabuzimafatizo kugira ngo umusemburo ushobore gukora "hemoglobini." Kugira ngo dukoreshe amagambo ya biology ya sintetiki, umusemburo uba "uruganda rw'uturemangingo" rukora ibintu hakurikijwe ibyo abantu bashaka.
Ni iki gituma inyama ziba umutuku mwinshi kandi zikagira impumuro yihariye iyo ziryoshye? Ibiryo bidashoboka bifatwa nk'"hemoglobini" ikungahaye ku nyama. Hemoglobini iboneka mu biribwa bitandukanye, ariko ikubiyemo cyane cyane imitsi y'inyamaswa.
Bityo, hemoglobine yatoranyijwe n'uwashinze iyi sosiyete akaba n'umuhanga mu bya shimi Patrick O. Brown nk' "ikirungo cy'ingenzi" cyo kwigana inyama z'inyamaswa. Akuramo ibi "birungo" mu bimera, Brown yahisemo soya zikungahaye kuri hemoglobine mu mizi yazo.
Uburyo gakondo bwo gukora busaba gukuramo "hemoglobin" mu mizi ya soya. Ikilo kimwe cya "hemoglobin" gisaba hegitari 6 za soya. Gukuramo ibimera birahenze, kandi Impossible Food yateguye uburyo bushya: gushyiramo ingirabuzimafatizo ishobora guteranya hemoglobine mu musemburo, kandi uko umusemburo ukura no kwiyongera, hemoglobine irakura. Dukoresheje ikigereranyo, ibi ni nko kureka ingagi zigatera amagi ku rugero rwa mikorobe.
Heme, ikomoka ku bimera, ikoreshwa mu ma burger "y'inyama z'ubukorano"
Ikoranabuhanga rishya ryongera umusaruro mu buryo bwiza ariko rigabanya umutungo kamere ukoreshwa mu gutera. Kubera ko ibikoresho by'ingenzi mu musaruro ari umusemburo, isukari, n'imyunyu ngugu, nta myanda myinshi ya shimi ihari. Iyo utekereje kuri ibi, iri ni ikoranabuhanga "rituma ahazaza haba heza kurushaho".
Iyo abantu bavuze kuri iri koranabuhanga, numva ko ari ikoranabuhanga ryoroshye gusa. Mu maso yabo, hari ibikoresho byinshi cyane bishobora gutegurwa uhereye ku rwego rwa gene muri ubu buryo. Plastike zishobora kwangirika, ibirungo, imiti mishya n'inkingo, imiti yica udukoko ku ndwara runaka, ndetse no gukoresha dioxyde de carbone mu gukora ifumbire… Natangiye kugira ibitekerezo bifatika ku mahirwe azanwa n'ikoranabuhanga rya biotechnology.
Soma, wandike, kandi uhindure imiterere y'uturemangingo (genes)
ADN itwara amakuru yose y'ubuzima aturutse aho yaturutse, kandi ni yo soko y'ibintu ibihumbi by'ubuzima.
Muri iki gihe, abantu bashobora gusoma byoroshye uruhererekane rwa ADN no gukora uruhererekane rwa ADN hakurikijwe imiterere yayo. Muri iyo nama, numvise abantu bavuga ku ikoranabuhanga rya CRISPR ryatsindiye igihembo cya Nobel mu bya Chimie mu 2020 inshuro nyinshi. Iri koranabuhanga, ryitwa "Genetic Magic Scissor", rishobora kubona neza no gukata ADN, bityo rikabasha guhindura imiterere y'uturemangingo.
Hashingiwe kuri ubu buryo bwo guhindura ingirabuzimafatizo, havutse amasosiyete menshi mashya. Amwe akoresha ubwo buryo mu gukemura indwara zikomeye nka kanseri n'indwara zikomoka ku ngirabuzimafatizo, andi akoresha mu guhinga ingingo zo guteramo abantu no kumenya indwara.
Ikoranabuhanga ryo guhindura ingirabuzimafatizo ryinjiye mu bucuruzi vuba cyane ku buryo abantu babona amahirwe akomeye ya biotechnology. Ukurikije imiterere y’iterambere rya biotechnology ubwayo, nyuma yo gusoma, guhuza no gutunganya uruhererekane rw’ingirabuzimafatizo bimaze gukura, intambwe ikurikiraho ni ugushushanya kuva ku rwego rwa genetiki kugira ngo hakorwe ibikoresho bihuye n’ibyo abantu bakeneye. Ikoranabuhanga rya biology y’ubukorano rishobora kandi kumvikana nk’intambwe ikurikiraho mu iterambere rya technology y’ingirabuzimafatizo.
Abahanga babiri mu bya siyansi Emmanuelle Charpentier na Jennifer A. Doudna batsindiye igihembo cya Nobel mu bya shimi mu ikoranabuhanga rya CRISPR mu 2020.
Tom Knight yagize ati: "Abantu benshi bagiye bashishikazwa n'ibisobanuro bya biology y'ubukorano… Ubwo bwoko bw'ihungabana ryabaye hagati y'ubuhanga n'ibinyabuzima. Ndatekereza ko ikintu cyose cyavuye muri ibi cyatangiye kwitwa biology y'ubukorano."
Kongera igihe, kuva umuryango w’ubuhinzi watangira, abantu bagiye basuzuma kandi bagumana imiterere y’inyamaswa n’ibimera bashaka binyuze mu kororoka no gutoranya amoko maremare y’ibinyabuzima. Ubuzima bw’ibinyabutabire butangirira ku rwego rw’uturemangingo kugira ngo butange imiterere abantu bifuza. Ubu, abahanga mu bya siyansi bakoresheje ikoranabuhanga rya CRISPR mu guhinga umuceri muri laboratwari.
Umwe mu bateguye iyi nama, washinze Qiji, Lu Qi, yavuze muri videwo ifungura ko ikoranabuhanga rya biotechnology rishobora kuzana impinduka nini ku isi nk'uko byari bimeze mu ikoranabuhanga rya internet rya kera. Ibi bisa nkaho byemeza ko abayobozi bakuru ba internet bose bagaragaje ko bashishikajwe n'ubumenyi bw'ubuzima ubwo beguraga.
Abantu bakomeye kuri interineti bose bari kwitondera. Ese icyerekezo cy'ubucuruzi bwa siyansi y'ubuzima kiri hafi kuza?
Tom Knight (uwa mbere ibumoso) n'abandi bane bashinze Ginkgo Bioworks | Ginkgo Bioworks
Mu gihe cya saa sita, numvise inkuru: Unilever yavuze ku ya 2 Nzeri ko izashora miliyari imwe y'amayero kugira ngo ihagarike ibikomoka kuri peteroli mu bikoresho fatizo by'ibiribwa bisukuye bitarenze umwaka wa 2030.
Mu myaka 10 iri imbere, isabune yo kumesa imyenda, ifu yo kumesa, n'isabune bikorwa na Procter & Gamble bizakoresha buhoro buhoro ibikoresho fatizo by'ibimera cyangwa ikoranabuhanga ryo gufata karubone. Iyi sosiyete kandi yashyizeho andi mafaranga miliyari 1 y'amayero yo gushyiraho ikigega cyo gutera inkunga ubushakashatsi ku ikoranabuhanga rya biotechnology, dioxyde de carbone n'izindi koranabuhanga mu kugabanya imyuka ihumanya ikirere.
Abantu bambwiye iyi nkuru, kimwe nanjye numvise iyo nkuru, batunguwe gato n'igihe ntarengwa cy'imyaka 10: Ese ubushakashatsi ku ikoranabuhanga n'iterambere kugeza ku musaruro mwinshi bizagerwaho byuzuye vuba cyane?
Ariko ndizera ko bizasohora.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ukuboza 31-2021